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A composite monarchy (or composite state) is a historical category, introduced by J. H. Elliott, that describes early modern states consisting of several countries under one ruler, who governs his territories as if they were separate kingdoms, in accordance with local traditions and legal structures. The composite state was the typical kind in the early modern period. H. G. Koenigsberger divides composite states into two classes: those, like the Spanish Empire, that consisted of countries separated by either other states or by the sea, and those, like Poland–Lithuania, that were contiguous. Theorists of the 16th century believed that "conformity" (similarity in language and customs) was important to success of a composite state. Francesco Guicciardini praised the acquisition of the Kingdom of Navarre by the King of Aragon in 1512 on account of their ''conformità''. Yet, differences could be persistent. Navarre retained its own law and customs separate from the rest of Spain down to 1841. In France, a far more unified state than Spain in the early modern period, the state was divided into different customary tax regimes, the ''pays d'élection'' and ''pays d'état'', which lasted down to the Revolution in 1789. The 17th-century Spanish jurist Juan de Solórzano Pereira identified the composite state as one whose components were ''aeque principaliter'' (equally important), as opposed to an "accessory" union, in which a newly acquired territory was subsumed under the laws of an already existing one, such as when New Spain was incorporated into the Crown of Castile, or when the Wales was joined to England. ==History== Composite monarchies were common during the early 15th century to the early to mid 18th century in Europe. A composite monarchy involved the unification of several diverse local territories under one ruler. There are two types of composite monarchy proposed by John Elliott, “accessory” union or “''aeque principali''”.〔J.H.Elliot, "Europe of Composite Monarchies", ''Past and Present'', No. 137, Nov. 1992. p. 52-3.〕 The first type of composite monarchy involved a unification where the united territories share the same laws and are regarded as the same jurisdiction. The second arrangement involved the preservation of local customs and power structures. These structures were ruled by a central ruler who either only broadly created state policy with deference to local rule and respect for local religious cultural and political customs; or where there was a more significant central role, negotiated the rules for each territory separately in respect and in consideration of local traditions and customs. In the second approach each territory was governed as though “…the king who (them all ) were king only of each one of them”.〔J.H. Elliot. "Europe of Composite Monarchies, Past and Present. 1992 The Past and Present Society Published By Oxford University Press. Pg. 48-71〕 This method of rule meant intervention of the central government or ruler was infrequent or allowed diverse customs and legal arrangements to coexist. This allowed classes, ethnicities and traditions to exist peaceably in a larger political unit without significant conflict. The monarch attempted in each case to ensure the “guarantee of preserving peace, order and justice, and to care for the poor.”〔L. Corteguera,"Popular Politics in Composite Monarchies: Barcelona Aritsans and the Campaign for a Papal Bull Against Hoarding (1580-5)" in ''Social History'', Volume 26, Issue 1, January 2001, pages 22-39〕 Most of Europe during the early modern period was governed under arrangements that can be described as composite monarchies. Diversity in arrangements was essential to ensure the unity of composite kingdoms, as they were often very diverse. Composite monarchies in the early modern period united diverse territories, and while in some cases the unification of territories led to the establishment of nation-states in the modern world, in other cases composite territories did not become a unified nation state. Even in the most unified composite kingdom at the time, France; a majority of subjects did not even speak the French language.〔D.Goffman, Stroop, C., "Empire As Composite: The Ottoman Polity and the Typology of Dominion." In ''Imperialisms: Historical and Literary Investigations, 1500-1900''. Eds. Balachandra Rajan and Elizabeth Sauer. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. p. 140.〕 This demonstrates the extent of diversity even in places considered homogeneous. The Ottoman Empire is the best example of a composite monarchy; however the Holy Roman Empire, the Crown of Castile, the Crown of Aragon, the Kingdom of France, and the Kingdom of England and Wales are also prominent examples of composite rule.〔Some examples of composite monarchies are provided in this article however the "See also" section contains links which will provide more information.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Composite monarchy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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